Hobbes (15 88-1679) on the right to all Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hobbes (15 88-1679) on the right to all - Essay Example And therefore, as long as this natural right of every man to everything endureth, there can be no security to any man (how strong or wise so ever he be) of living out the time which nature ordinarily allowith men to live." (Leviathan, Chapter XIV). Hobbes supposes that liberty is a matter of political self-government. For Hobbes liberty and equality was connected with non-obstruction, and with some form of sell-mastery. Liberty and equality is described as that a personal reedom is a matter of the range of things a person may do without being stopped or punished by others. Hobbes supposes that "I find yet a greater equality amongst men than that of strength. For prudence is but experience, which equal time equally bestows on all men in those things they equally apply themselves unto (Leviathan, Chapter XIII). Someone who does not engage in elaborate calculations before acting may be said to be excessively irrational. Irrationality of value to the pursuit of self-interest is prudence, which is similarly a virtue that it is possible to have too much of. Each has the right to all because, according to Hobbes, there was nothing natural about the state; in the 'state of nature' men lived without law, without authority, and without any means of curbing one another's aggression. Each man is a self-governed and can do anything. In "Leviathan" Hobbes describes that it is irrational of anyone to lay down the means of his own preservation unless he can be sure others will do so too. The state of nature is also is the state of war which means absence of established agreement for peace. For Hobbes force is the main quality during war and people are foolish to expect anything better from foreign states. The state of nature is a social and developed state. It can be characterized as war of all against: "war...of every man, against every man" (Leviathan, Chapter XIV). Each will be an enemy to all the rest. Human beings as they were not equipped with speech, with reason, with a sense of time, with any morality; they were lonely. In the Chapter XIV Hobbes claims that there was one fundamental right of nature, and one equally fundamental law: the right was 'the Liberty each man hath, to use his own power, as he will himselfe, for the preservation of his own Nature', while the law was 'every man, ought to endeavour Peace, as farre as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it... he may seek, and use, all helps, and advantages of Warre' (Leviathan, Chapter XIV). The concept of subjectivism is closely connected with individuality. Hobbes emphases qualitative variation among uniqueness, a conception of the cumulative and permanent, but not predetermined, development of larger contexts as a source for development, and an insistence on the irrationally founded subjective designs of historically particularized human actors as the principal plane upon which variation and development take place (subjectivism). Knowledge of the reality must be concrete and descriptive hermeneutic, It will avoid the search for universal natural laws, and it will recognize itself as an historical occurrence. Also subjectivism for Hobbes means obligations in individuality. Hobbes supposes that Irrationality can be predicated in the first instance of human beings and of human beliefs and actions. Absence of rationality is taken to warrant a diminution of legal

Philosophy - Five faces of oppression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosophy - Five faces of oppression - Essay Example Young also offers a comprehensive understanding of oppression in its restricted appreciation since the existence of the oppressed does not necessarily imply the simultaneous existence of an oppressor. These five faces: Exploitation, Marginalization, Powerlessness, Cultural Imperialism and Violence are the main focus of the article. Exploitation can most vividly be designated in a Capitalist environment where labor is a means to propagate dominion. The evident injustice in the distribution of wealth among social classes is the main thrust of this category but it does not end there since social rules in work also define the inequality (Young, p.6). Defined as the most dangerous, Marginalization is best manifested with the material deprivation of one group over the others. Society has addressed this issue mainly by providing welfare dole outs and services to repress unrest among these people (ibid, p.9). Powerlessness is the lack of opportunity and respect that the oppressed suffer. â€Å"the powerless are situated so that they must take orders and rarely have the right to give them† (ibid, p.10). The imposition of dominance of one group over the others result to Cultural Imperialism since culture variations become a source of oppression through intolerance (ibid, p.10). Violence is an outward manifestatio n of systemic oppression where by the sole reason of belonging to a marginalized group, the members suffer this face of oppression. This is a recurring social practice and suggests degrees of perpetration (ibid, p.13). These five faces can be used as a gauge and as a way compare the level of oppression among the oppressed groups and the presence of any, as the author suggests, positively equates to

Corporate social responsibility in Tesco

Corporate social responsibility in Tesco Abstract This research seeks the concepts of corporate social responsibility in terms of present business world. Here I want to analyse the necessity and importance of CSR for an organisation to running a better business in all around the world and how an organization can achieve a competitive advantage over his competitors being socially responsible to his community. Here this study will analyse the argument of CSR as well. For the above objective of this research, I will look at one of the best worldwide retail company which is based on UK by the name of Tesco. This paper will also look at the CSR activity of Tesco and try to look at that is the CSR activity for his community within the Tesco is really profitable not only for them but also for their stakeholders and community as well? Objective The foremost objectives of this research are as follows: I would like to discuss the necessity of corporate social responsibility. To look at the importance of CSR. To achieve a greater knowledge that how can a company get a competitive advantage by following CSR activity throughout the community as a whole. To analyse the dispute of CSR Introduction According to the MACMILLAN Dictionary, Corporate social responsibility is a belief that a company should consider the environmental and social effect of its activity on its employee and the community around it. However CSR while a situations where the firm goes further than observance and engages in actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law. (McWilliams and Siegel; 2001) .lying on a broad array of issues corporations are encouraged to behave socially responsibly (Welford and Frost, 2006; Engle, 2006). Even though businesses have underway to recognize the significance of CSR and a extensive varieties of initiatives have come to light (Nelson, 2004).CSR should be good for business for not only long term success, it also useful for society, community, employee and environmental as well. In UK, most of the company (government and private) are very concern about CSR activities and now UK is one of the leading contributors internationally in CSR thinking and practise. (CSR Government update, 2003) Now a days we are living in a complex and unconvinced world. Corporate scandal, uncertain economy, threat of terrorism, stock market downturn etc is the major causes of reducing trust and stability in corporate sector and its leaders. For example, A historic environmental disaster caused by BP where they spent the past decade using splashy ads to promote itself as a green company (Rachel beck; 2010). In UK, 44% of the British public consider that it is very important for company to shows a high Degree of social responsibility when they buy the companys product where 58% of general public in all around the Europe believe that commerce and industries do not pay enough attention to the society and environment. (Arthur D Little; 2003) In those cases, the concepts of CSR are increasing its value and necessity in the global business and corporate sector. In this research I want to discuss the significance of CSR in UK Retail Company. I want to investigate that the impact of CSR on the businesses and I want to discuss that what the retail companies are doing for covering their CSR activity within the community. Here in UK, some of the multinational retail company operating their business. Tesco is one of them who operating his business successfully. In every financial year, Tesco publish their CSR report which includes their present CSR progress and their aims and objectives. In this research, I want to look at Tesco`s CSR activity and is those activity really making any profit for their business and for community and environment as well. What is Corporate Social Responsibility? Corporate social responsibility (CSR) resources the task of a business in a reciprocally responsible approach whereby the business is: undertakes moral practices in employment and labour by convalescing workplaces concerned in building local communities and communicates with apprehensive communities concerning the consequences of its policies and products invests in building community infrastructure contributes to a cleaner environment, its security and sustainability Contributes via its corporate governance to monetary development at a bulky. (Gopal K. Kanjia and Parvesh K. Choprab; 2010) However One of the prime purpose of corporate social responsibility programme is outwardly  ´to build goodwill as a sort of business policy to be redeemed in case something goes badly wrong in the main part of business ´ (Smith and Cohon; 2004, p.21). As per Husted and De Jesus Salazar (2006) stated that CSR from a clearly cost benefit investigation under three scenario relating to the firm want to involve in CSR activity. The first one is Altruism which means that firms genuinely wishing to be socially responsible without observe to the bottom line. The second one is Coerced egoism where the firms performing in a socially responsible approach only when obliged by regulation. The third and final one is the Strategic use of CSR where there is clear benefit to the firm for engaging in CSR. Geoffrey P Lantas (2001) include some authors view about position in business role in society. Here Albert care and Milton Friedman stated their view for economic CSR- pure profit making view. On the other hand R Edward Freeman told about ethical CSR- socially aware view and Archi Carroll stated about altruistic CSR- community services view. Finally we can say that, CSR involves some kind of standardized reporting that allows the business to assemble information on how it is building evolution on different fronts. Businesses that connect in CSR characteristically centre on some or all of the subsequent: Environment: The requirement appears at the green impacts of products and services, with what the business does external the company to recover the environment. Employees: Its significant to certify that all employees are cared for effectively. Businesses habitually spotlight on workplace circumstances, benefits, living wages, and training. Communities: Engaging the immediate communities is an important part of not just creating good human capital that can serve the business, but also securing a standing that can further establish the business. Regulations: relating to regulations to the fullest and frequently exceeding them is part of being communally responsible. Definition of CSR The characterization of CSR is often debated. The UK government summarise the definition of CSR is that- Ê ºThe government sees CSR as the business contribution to our sustainable development goal. Essentially it is about how business takes accounts of its economic, social and environmental impact in the way it operates- maximising the benefits and minimising the downsides. Specifically, we see CSR is the voluntary action that business can take, over and above compliance with minimum legal requirements, to address both its own competitive interest and the interest of wider societyÊ º (Source -www.csr.gov.uk). Some other definitions are as follows: Figure 1: Persistent matrix of corporate social responsibility (Gopal K. Kanjia; Parvesh K. Choprab (2010) Carroll (1983) stated a definition of CSR which is Corporate social responsibility involves the conduct of a business so that it is economically profitable, law abiding, ethical and socially supportive. To be socially responsible Then means that profitability and obedience to the law are foremost Conditions when discussing the firms ethics and the extent to which it supports the society in which it exists with contributions of money, time and talent (p.608). European Commission (2006) stated that -Ê º The concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basisÊ º The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) (2000, p. 10) gave a clearer definition of CSR is Ê ºcommitment of business to contribute to sustainable development, working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their quality of lifeÊ º. Kivuitu Yambayamba and Fox (2005, p. 1) once more illustrated that The concept of CSR is sometimes used as shorthand for business contribution to sustainable development. Coleman (2006, p. 1) understand that CSR as division of business principles And defines it as the managerial obligation to take action that protects and improves the welfare of society as a whole and promotes the interest of the organization. Starbucks, CSR report in 2004 stated that A responsible company is one that listened to its stakeholders and responds with honesty to their concerns Those are the few definition of CSR. Basically it is very difficult to give a specific and accurate definition of CSR in terms of present competitive word. If I look at above those discussions, there is some key word which is clearly involved with the fact of CSR. For example -to achieve sustainable goal, voluntary action for society, promoting green environment etc. Basically CSR is the way to improve the quality of life by working with employees, society, stakeholder, community and should be responsible for promoting a green and safer environment for present and the next generation as well. Could do with for Corporate Social Responsibility In this global economy, a business firm should be socially responsible if they want to survive in this competitive market. A growing number of shareholders and investors began to accept the idea that CSR can lead to financial return on the long run (Min-Dong Paul Lee; 2008). Pratima Bansal in (2002) gave an explanation that why firm should become socially responsible. She stated three reasons behind this. Those ares- It immediately makes a good business intellect for the firm. If every company is doing this, we have to do it. On a top management team within an organization, there sometimes an influential person who really cares about those issues and looking for an opportunity for making the way the company is run as an extension of his or her commitment to society. Pratima Bansal (2002) also noted that there are a number of agency that make ranking for firms based on their corporate social responsibility and a number of mutual firm who meet their standard of socially responsibility. Such as Fortune Reputation Index and The Dow Jones sustainability Index. Business weeks climate groups make climate change ranking based on multinational company by their total reduction of greenhouse gases ( Michael Bowfield; 2007) There is a clear link between corporate social responsibility and financial performance of an organization. Geoffrey Heal (2004) stated in annual conference of the Monte Paschi Vita a wide-ranging list of the benefits that commentators have linked to CSR programmes. Those are: Reducing risk Reduced waste Improving dealings with regulators Generating brand equity Improved human relations and employee productivity Lower cost of capital. A news item from Business Respect in 2007 published about a survey between business leaders about their view towards CSR. From this investigation, business leaders understand and settled strong beliefs That CSR can increase profit and the confidence that having good environmental management is more than purely public relation focused. Philip Kotler and Nancy Lee (2005) told that company have understanding a range of bottom line reimbursement for adopting CSR policy. For example, better sales and market share, add to corporate reflection and clout, strengthened brand positioning, boost ability to create a centre of attention, motivate and retain employees, decline operating cost, increase demand to investors and financial crisis. There are several situations where social responsibility of a business becomes obligatory. Some of these situations which demonstrate the requirement of Corporate Social Responsibilities are discussed below. A societal move towards to business is the existing business viewpoint, which demands business organizations to be receptive to the social exertion. As a consequence of globalization of business, global companies activate in a big way in their host countries. To facilitate ascertain a good corporate illustration; they include social responsibility as a corporate purpose. Native companies are strained to follow outfit for maintaining their corporate uniqueness. In the terms and conditions of collaborations agreements, very often, social welfare stipulations are included which necessitates the collaborating company to take up social responsibility of business. On account of legal requirements, companies have to deliberate on social problems. Corporate contributions of social welfare projects of permitted NGOs are exempted from income tax in UK. An organizations obligation to social responsibility creates a good corporate representation, and there by a enhanced business environment Community responsibility of business enables the organization to pick up its product positioning and thereby advance its market share. Extremely time and again situations insist due to natural calamities, accidents and so on. Consequence of Corporate Social Responsibility In 2005 poll, 81% executive said that corporate social responsibility is indispensable for their business. They have a different view that what the exact meaning of Corporate social responsibility but the majority of them believe that business should serve as a steward in society and that it has a duty to investor, employees, consumers, community and the environment ( Michael Blowfield and Alan Murray; 2008). Commencing a documentary on BBC, in the year of 1996, 267 companies publish CSR report. But nowadays this sum is in excess of 3000.The another business reporter Will Smale(2006) stated that now a days it is very hard to find a multinational company that doesnt articulate a commitment to CSR. Maturana and Varela define the CSR by saying is that when two or more human beings generate a relationship, they have an ethical responsibility to the other humans in that relationship. Corporations are gradually more adopting socially responsible actions, conduct, policies and processes. A corporate social responsibility (CSR) policy is beneficial not only for a corporations bottom line but also for its employees, stakeholders, consumers and for communities, the environment and the social order. In 2003, 1in to fortune 500 firms had a board committee enthusiastic to environmental issue which is now 1 in 4. The number of business school those are offering green courses 34% in 2001 which is in 2007 is 63%.However CSR focused jobs increased 37% from 2005 to 2008. Furthermore, 97.3% people are agreeable to make a financial give up for working a socially responsible company. (Sources: DevelopmentCrossing.Com) William, Medhurst and Drew (1993, p.10) settled some payback for company who connect in CSR movement, those are: Superior access to capital Diminish operating cost Bounce back financial performance Enhance image Lets have a look importance of CSR to the community. Bob Manteau (2007) stated that now-a-days company have the responsibility to help the community where they make their money and it is become the requirement of present business. As per Moon and Muthuri (2006) corporate community involvement means that corporations need to support the community by providing Financial, material, or human skills through modes such as corporate contributions, strategic philanthropy, employee volunteering and community driven development. CSR to the community not only profitable for the community, it is profitable also for the company as well. Ben Cohen and Mal Warwick (2006) stated some of the significant benefits which may help to strengthen the business which are as follows: Employees moral will rise. Even if they take part in community activities where the company to be found rather than where they live, the co workers will be gratified by an opportunity to add meaning to the efforts they make to build the business. Business can come across that the word-of- mouth buzz about the company is assembly momentums. So it can be easier to find and attract the skill and highly enthusiastic new employees for the business. Community involvement activities increase the reputation among the customer and client around the local community. So business can expect greater customer loyalty and personal referrals for new business. Community oriented business can attract the civic leaders in all fields and it will be increase the chance to get access to community decision maker . If the reputation grows around the communities mind, it is very easier to get to know compatible business leaders which will be open the prospect for exchanging the ideas and experience, expanding the breadth of suggesting new ideas for business and for employees as well. Now we can look at the corporate community voluntary activities by some of the multinational company: Company Illustration of grounds supported Exemplar of Activities Tesco Being a good neighbour Bolstering local economy, Engaging people in their community. Asda Asda foundation Charitable work Co-operative Affinity products and services: raising awareness and funds for development Fairbourne Springs Oxfam mobile phone recycling scheme Charity cards in support of international development and human rights Ford Motor Company Affordable Housing Participating building homes for habitat for humanity Detroit IBM Mentoring school age-youth. One-on-one mentoring of students by volunteer employees. FedEx United way, National Safe kids Campaign and American Red Cross Participating in United way Day of Caring Morrison Taking good care of our shoppers, our colleagues and their Communities. Work, communities And healthy balanced lifestyles. Health, safety and wellbeing, skills training, education through Lets Grow programme and Customer service. Sainsbury Providing great service, quality products and being a good neighbour Creating jobs, Charitable work, fundraising etc. Waitrose Investing in local initiatives and encouraging Partner involvement. Charitable, involve partner and employees to volunteering work (Sources: Tesco, Waitrose, Sainsbury, FedEx, Morrison, IBM, Ford motor Company, Co operative and Asda website) Above this discussion, importance of CSR not only benefited for the community, it can bring the value for the company as well. Gaining competitive advantage by Corporate Social Responsibility Michael E. Porter and Mark R Kramer (2003) settled that a business organization can bring into play their philanthropy efforts to pick up their competitive context, such as the excellence of their business environment in that location where they operate. They also agree with that, this can be help to gain social and economic goal and improves a companys long term business prospects. Take an example from Tescos annual report which is published in 2010. Tesco donated 61.6m to cover their philanthropy activities. Philanthropy efforts can time and again be the most cost effective way for a company to look up its competitive context (context for strategy and rivalry, demand condition, related and supporting industries and factor condition) enabling companies to influence the efforts and infrastructure of non returns and other organization. (Michael E. Porter and Mark R Kramer; 2003) Ronclinelli and Berry (1999) also construct a statement that Socially responsible environmental practise may also lead to stronger sales and customer loyalty, increase productivity and quality, an enhance ability to attract and retain employees and in some cases, to reduce regulatory oversights or more favourable treatment by regulatory agency. (Bob Manteaw; 2007) Competitiveness around the companies depends on productivity with which company can use labour, capital and natural resources for producing high quality goods and services. Productivity depends on having workers who are educated, safe, healthy, decently housed and motivated by a sense of opportunity. A British business features many hurdles in the great effort to compete. A few of which, scheduled below: Stable need for modernization Problems recruiting and retaining high quality, stimulated staff Low down efficiency levels in evaluation with the UK, USA, Europe and China Expensive promotion campaigns to build brand reputation and responsiveness Legislation that is progressively more demanding and persistently changing Ever more selective customers both individuals and supply chain It is well acknowledged that contribution in ones community has delicate benefits and that corporate responsibility and community involvement initiatives are increasingly having noteworthy positive contact for many companies. Apart from generating substantial public goodwill, the undeviating effects of CSR for business are the subject of increasing research and analysis. Here is an outline of what this research is indicating: CSR can support companies to put together links with public policy makers, aid modernization, involve, motivate and retain employees, build corporate reputation and improve competitiveness. An upward number of companies have sky-scraping profile ethical projects and marketing campaigns. CSR is helping these companies to show the way the field and gain a competitive advantage . Progressively more the public see a companys ethical profile as a determining factor as to whether they will buy products or services. A strong company that engages in high profile CSR will be more tempting to a growing sector of the population. Some local establishment are philosophy about introducing an ethical element into their purchasing and procurement tender processes. Genuine CSR help you to stand out from the crowd when you are showcasing your company. Powerful environmental vestibule groups are overseeing to change UK legislation the Companies Act 2006 has corporate responsibility implications for company directors and publicly listed companies due to be implemented in 2008. The movement is likely to continue and early accomplishment would prepare you and your company for the future Argument of CSR Different perspectives on corporate social responsibility (CSR) live, each with their own outline. Michael Blowfield (2007) assured that there is diverse confirmation about the CSR. A number of citing evidence of consumer indicate that consumers can willing to pay higher prices for improve working condition within the firm where others emphasize the customer satisfaction and financial performance eventual have more control on company reputation. Some highlight management responsibilities towards stakeholders, others dispute that companies should actively contribute to social goals, and yet others reject a social responsibility of business beyond legal compliance. Michael Blowfield and Alan Murray (2008) fixed that CSR criticism goes down into four key areas. They are following: CSR is an outline forced on business by general society organization that damage profitability and therefore business ability to generate wealth for society. CSR at present dominated by business which be capable of shape the agenda in its own narrow concern. The current concerns of CSR are too narrow and avoid many of the key issue for which the public expects that business to take responsibility. CSR, to date, has failed to achieve its goal and CSR need to be more accurate and ground-breaking in the future. The Economist published a series of article in 20 January of 2005 where they presented that corporate social responsibility is a risk to the effective implementation of capitalism and free market and consequently to global prosperity. This article also stated that business can serve to people good if only they will concentrate to their long term profitability. Ethical Corporation (2005) make a comment against The Economist article. Their view is companys principle is to make a profit, whereas profit should be seen as an accurate derived from rewarding a social function. Geoffrey Chandler of Amnesty International also argue with The Economist and he told that corporate social responsibility doesnt begin with the belief that capitalism fails to serve the public images where CSR belief that unprincipled capitalism inflicts collateral damage on its entire stakeholder, including ultimately its stakeholders. There is another author Manheim (2004) stated about a different aspects of the damage done by CSR. He argues that CSR is a part of anti corporation strategy. Here is some common argument about CSR which is settled below: Businesses are owned by their shareholders money spent on CSR by managers is theft of the rightful property of the owners The leading companies who report on their social responsibility are basket cases the most effective business leaders dont waste time with this stuff Our company is too busy surviving hard times to do this. We cant afford to take our eye off the ball we have to focus on core business Its the responsibility of the politicians to deal with all this stuff. Its not our role to get involved I have no time for this. Ive got to get out and sell more to make our profit line. Corporations dont really care theyre just out to screw the poor and the environment to make their obscene profits Arguments offered in favour of CSR can be broadly split into two camps- Moral Economic. A moral argument for CSR As per Ben Cohen and Mal Warwick (2006) the true purpose of business is to add value- not just by transforming raw materials into goods and providing services but also by adding value to the lives of employee, community and for the sake of future generation by treading as lightly as possible to the planet. While recognizing that profits are essential for any business article to exist, all groups in society should try hard to add value and make life better. Businesses rely on the society within which they operate and could not exist or prosper in segregation. They require the infrastructure that society provides, its foundation of employees, not to declare its consumer base. CSR is appreciation of that inter-dependence and revenue of delivering on that obligation, to the common benefit of businesses and the societies within which they are based. CSR largely represents the affiliation between a company and the wider community inside which the company operates. It is acknowledgment on the part of the business that for profit entities do not exist in blankness, and that a large part of any success they enjoy is as much due to the context in which they operate as factors internal to the company alone. Charles Handy makes a convincing and logical argument for the purpose of a business laying beyond the goals of maximizing profit and satisfying shareholders above all other stakeholders in an organization: The purpose of a business is not to make a profit, full stop. It is to make a profit so that the business can do something more or better. That something becomes the authentic justification for the business and It is a moral issue. To mistake the means for the end is to be twisted in on oneself, which Saint Augustine called one of the greatest sinsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.It is salutary to ask about any organization, If it did not exist, would we invent it? Only if it could do something better or more useful than anyone else would have to be the answer, and profit would be the means to that larger end. An economic argument for CSR An economic disagreement in favour of CSR can also be through. It is an argument of economic egotism that there are very real economic benefits to businesses pursuing a CSR strategy and is planned to persuade those businesses who are not positive by the moral case. Proponents of this argument believe that CSR represents a holistic approach to business. Therefore, an efficient CSR policy will introduce all aspects of operations. They believe the conduct corporations take today to integrate CSR throughout the organization signify a real point of segregation and competitive market advantage on which future success can centre. Introduction about Tesco Tesco is one of the worldwide largest retailers which are based on UK. It has 4,811 stores around the world. It is operating in 14 countries with 4, 72,000 people in worldwide. Tescos group sales are  £62.5bn in 2010. Their underlying profit before tax is  £3.4bn. The total revenue in UK, 2010 is  £38,558m. There are 2,482 stores in UK with 2, 87,669 employees. Gross Profit (Sources: www.tesco.com) Group sales  £bn (Source: www.tesco.com) As per annual report in 2010, Tesco is the most profitable online grocery retailer in the world. Tesco has moved into areas such as clothes, consumer electronics, consumer financial services, internet services, consumer telecoms and gas stations. Tesco now controls over 30% of the grocery market in U.K. As of March 2008, Tesco have a store in every postcode of the UK. Tesco has a strong strategy which consists of five elements reflecting their four recognized areas of heart added to Tescos commitments on community and the environment. Those are follows: Becoming a successful international retailer Growing the core UK business Becoming as strong in non-food as in food. Developing retail services To put the community at the heart of what they want to do. Some of the supermarkets percentage of share is stated below. SUPERMARKET SHARE Tesco: 30.6% ASDA: 16.6% Sainsburys: 16.3% Morrisons: 11.1% Somerfield: 5.4 Waitrose: 3.7% Iceland: 1.8% (Source TNS cited by BBC 2006) Tesco core UK strategy is earning customer loyalty by helping them for spending less with low price and affordable new product. For example- Discount brand. Corporate Social Responsibility in Tesco The Chief Executive of Tesco Terry Leahy made a statement about their vision towards CSR is that By supporting our customers and our staff, and by remaining focused on tackling

Formal lab gravitaional acceleration :: essays research papers

Lab #5: Gravitational Acceleration Preparation: In preparation for the first part of this lab involving the Atwood's machine our team started by discussing the effects of the masses on the results of the machine as requested in question 1 of the lab manual. We believe that if the two masses were equal there would be no motion of either of them when released. However we believed that if the two masses were not equal, the heavier mass would fall downward pulling the lighter mass upwards. Below as requested by question 2 is a free body diagram of both situations Masses Equal Masses Unequal The tension on mass 1 is equal to the tension in mass 2 due to the same string attaching both masses and is shown mathematically above in the section where the masses are equal. In the second part gravity is solved for. We also believe that the difference between the two masses will affect the acceleration in a linear matter as requested in question 3. In preparation for part 2 we started by answering question 4 on which graph best describes freefall based for distance vs. time. We believed graph (b) showed this and is shown below. Our rational for this was that the object in free fall is undergoing a constant acceleration meaning its velocity will increase with time. This is shown on graph (b) by the increasing slope with time, and is the only graph to have its slope increase with time. Graph (a) has constant slope and graph (c) has its slope decrease with time. For question 5 which asked for the best velocity vs. time graph we believed that graph (a) is the best graph. Our rational for this was that because the object is under constant acceleration the velocity will increase at a constant rate. Graph (a) shows this while graph (b) shows constant velocity and graph (c) shows decreasing velocity. For question 6 which asked for the best acceleration vs. time graph we believed that graph (b) shows this the best. Our rational for this was that the object is under constant acceleration. Only graph (b) shows a constant acceleration. Graph (a) shows decreasing acceleration while graph (c) shows increasing acceleration. Procedure: Our procedure for part 1 is the following: First we measured the masses of both sides of the Atwood's machine and record these values. Next we held the smaller mass on the ground and measured the distance from the ground to the bottom of the larger mass, calling this value "s".

China, India, and Wal-Mart: Issues of Price and Sourcing

Case 3: China, India, and Wal-Mart: Issues of Price, Quality, and Sourcing Introduction: Wal-Mart was the largest retailer in the United States and the largest corporation in the world because of the crusade, which meant all US products on the shelves by its creator, Sam Walton (Weiss, 2009, pp. 471). However, after he died in 1992, crusade evaporated, instead of US products, 98% of all of shelves throughout Wal-Mart (Weiss, 2009, pp. 471) are manufactured in China, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan and India. Too-cheap-to-beat Chinese products are killing the US manufactories, which cannot afford to make products anymore and still make a profit.Someone said that the Wal-Mart’s goal is only get the lowest price without regarding the quality which means Wal-Mart’s products from global markets are taking an increasingly vigorous public trashing because of product safety and quality concerns. Nonetheless, Wal-Mart still expands its purchases of Chinese goods (Weiss, 2009, pp. 4 72). Ethical Issues: According to this case, Wal-Mart’s ethical business management is related to the global environment, which consists of financial markets, cultures, technologies and government policies (Weiss, 2009, pp. 18). As the case indicates, the market also consists of hypercompetition from different countries such as China and India and regional players in the global environment. China has low cost offshore labor in the â€Å"flat world†, so that Chinese imports are so inexpensive to enter in U. S. So many factors lead most US manufactories to close the doors and eventually jobs are lost accelerate. The United States’ economic outlooks vary with regard to the global economy (Weiss, 2009, pp. 420).In my opinion, the labor force is one of technologies in a developing country and it supports the globalization process. China as a global manufacturer and U. S. partner is a great source of world-class offshore technology services. Wal-Mart has its own exter nal and internal stakeholders. The largest benefit able external stakeholder is a customer. As Wal-Mart, it sacrifices product quality in order to offer customers low prices. It is hard to justify that Wal-Mart is unethical without further investigation of overall impacts that brings to the customers.As its internal stakeholders, the employees have more job opportunities because of expending its business scope and shareholders can benefit more in the global trade. In my opinion, moreover, the government as its external stakeholder, it can control the quality when the products import to the U. S. The technological environment comprises factors related to the materials and machines used in manufacturing goods and services. Wal-Mart has no control over its international suppliers, which should be controlled by the U. S. overnments, although it has ability to control its threats in the global environment. In conclusion, globalization makes hypercompetition and challenges to new and cont inuing leaders and professionals in organizations (Weiss, 2009, pp. 423). As the case indicated, the critic asserts that U. S. must stop Wal-Mart to continue to grow. However, I think it is not practical in a â€Å"flat world†, it provides the lowest price of the products for the customers after all. References Weiss W. Joseph. Business Ethics: A Stakeholder & Issues Management Approach. 5e

Essay on William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet - 1736 Words

William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet loved each other, but they knew that it wouldnt be possible to have a relationship because of their feuding families. Their deaths were tragic, as it was mainly the people around them that made them so unhappy. They were so in love with each other that they took risks to be together, which lead to their unfortunate deaths. Romeo is a Montague. He falls in love with Juliet the moment he sees her at a Capulet ball. Juliet is just under 14 years old, and a Capulet, whose family are bitter enemies of the Montagues. As the prologue explains, From forth the loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life. The†¦show more content†¦Romeo comes across with the attitude that he is not afraid to take risks. Romeo and Juliet are both very rash and quick thinking people; they do something and dont care about the consequences their actions could have. For example, Romeo took a risk in getting caught in the balcony scene, as Juliet said, The orchard walls are high and hard to climb, and the place death, considering who thou art, If any kinsmen find thee here. He took another much greater risk when he was in Juliets bedroom on their wedding night and Lady Capulet almost caught him. This attitude plays a big part in the events leading up to their deaths. Another example of this attitude is that they both rushed into getting married, even though they had only known each other for a very short period of time. I also think Romeo was too hasty in rushing back to Verona after hearing the news about Juliets death. If he had stayed in Mantua longer then both Romeo and Juliet would have live d. Also, if he had a more easy going personality, maybe he would not have killed himself so quickly when he was in the Capulet vault. Romeo seems to have a premonition of his own death, before the Capulet ball he says, I fear, too early: for my mind misgives Some consequence, yet hanging in the stars, Shall bitterly begin his fearful date With this nights revels, and expire theShow MoreRelated William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1869 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet In Romeo and Juliet, love is depicted in several ways. Both Luhrman and Shakespeare represent love in different ways in different contexts to both the Elizabethan era and the contemporary audience. Both the original and later manifestations of the text are valued because they both communicate to the audience on the values of love and society by employing a variety of devices. The central subject dealt within Romeo and Juliet is the subject of love.Read MoreWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet558 Words   |  2 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragic story of two young lovers whose lives are cut short due to the rivalry of their families, the Capulets and the Montagues. The family feud has been present for decades but once Romeo and Juliet meet they are instantaneously in love. Love at first sight some would say. But could love at first sight really be the case? No it could not. There are many things that serve to prove Romeo and Juliet were not in love. At the beginning of the play Romeo isRead MoreGender In Romeo, Juliet And William Shakespeares Romeo And Juliet1500 Words   |  6 Pagesof masculinity; the ability to act boldly and with purpose. Both directors draw upon the themes of gender to tell their stories subtly and effectively. 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Shakespeares prologue is possibly the most insightful piece of the play regarding their death and the explanation of it. The ancient grudge immediately sets the ominous tone of the play. This allows the audience to understand that their deathRead More William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Although the story of Romeo and Juliet is over 500 years old, it is as relevant and appealing today as it was when first performed. Although dated, the story of Romeo and Juliet still holds great appeal and relevance to today’s society, despite the differences in morals and values between William Shakespeare’s audience 500 years ago, and Baz Luhrmann’s audience today. The arising issues of order and authority, fate and love entertain/ed and appeals/edRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay602 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a romantic tragedy written by William Shakespeare in 1595, which is over 400 years ago. Romeo and Juliet are â€Å"two star-crossed lovers†, who fell in love at first sight and struggle through circumstances, which ends with their death. There are some characters that are to blame for their deaths and some more than others. The Montagues are someway to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet because

Famous Inventions and Birthdays in February

February is not only the month of Valentines Day, but its also when a great number of inventions were created, patented, trademarked, and copyrighted. Thats not to mention the many great scientists, scholars, and famous figures who were born in the month. Whether youre looking for someone who shares your February birthday or just want to know what historic event happened on a random February day, check out the following list of happenings during this month throughout history. Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights From the digital voicemail system to Kooky Doodles, February has celebrated the birth of many inventions and pieces of writing and art. February 1 1788 — The first U.S. patent for an improvement to steamships was issued to Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet.1983 — Matthews, Tansil, and Fannin obtained a patent for a digital voicemail system. February 2 1869 — James Oliver invented the removable tempered steel plow blade.1965 — Alfonso Alvarez received a patent for dual-vent windows. February 3 1690 — The first paper money in America was issued in the colony of Massachusetts.1952 — The first episode of the TV program Dragnet was copyrighted. February 4 1824 —  J. W. Goodrich introduced the world to the first rubber galoshes.1941 — Roy Plunkett received a patent in for tetrafluoroethylene polymers, better known as TEFLON. February 5 1861 — Samuel Goodale patented the first moving picture peep show machine. February 6 1917 — Sunmaid raisins were trademark registered.1947 — Frank Capras Its a Wonderful Life was copyrighted. February 7 1995 — Larry Gunter and Tracie Williams received a patent for a personalized interactive storybook February 8 1916 —  Charles Kettering received a patent for a self-starting automobile engine. February 9 1811 —  Robert Fulton was granted a patent for the practical steamboat. February 10 1976 — Sidney Jacoby was granted a patent for a combination smoke and heat detector alarm. February 11 1973 — The National Inventors Hall of Fame was founded. February 12 1974 — Stephen Kovacs received a patent for a magnetic heart pump. February 13 1979 — Charles Chidsey received a patent for a solution to male baldness. February 14 1854 — Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson patented a firearm. February 15 1972 —  William Kolff obtained a patent for the soft shell, mushroom-shaped artificial heart. February 16 1932 — James Markham received the first fruit tree patent. It was for a peach tree. February 17 1827 — Chester Stone patented a washing machine. February 18 1879 — Auguste Bartholdi was granted a design patent for the Statue of Liberty. February 19 1878 — Thomas Edison received a patent for the phonograph. February 20 1846 — John Drummond was granted a patent for molds for the manufacturing of candles.1872 — Luther Crowell patented a machine that manufactured paper bags. February 21 1865 —  John Deere received a patent for plows. February 22 1916 — Ernst Alexanderson was issued a patent for a selective radio tuning system. February 23 1943 — The song As Time Goes By from the movie Casablanca was copyrighted. February 24 1857 — The first perforated United States postage stamps were delivered to the government.1925 —  His Masters Voice  was trademark registered. February 25 1902 — John Holland was granted a patent for a submarine. February 26 1870 — The first New York City subway line opened. This short-lived line was pneumatically powered.1963 — Hobie surfboards trademark registered. February 27 1900 — Felix Hoffman patented acetylsalicylic acid, better known as  aspirin. February 28 1984 — Donald Mauldin received a patent for a knee brace. February 29 1972 — Kooky Doodles were trademark registered. February Birthdays Many famous inventors and scientists were born in February. Against all odds, a few were even born on Leap Day, which falls on the 29th of February, every four years. February 1 1905 — Emilio Segre, an  Italian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of antiprotons, a sub-atomic antiparticle and an element used for the  atomic bomb  used on Nagasaki1928 — Sam Edwards, a Welsh physicist who studied condensed matter physics February 2 1817 — John Glover, an English chemist who discovered sulfuric acid1859 — Havelock Ellis, an American physician and sexologist who wrote The Psychology of Sex1905 — Jean-Pierre Guerlain, a pioneer in the invention of cosmetics February 3 1821 — Elizabeth Blackwell of Bristol England, the first accredited female physician February 4 1841 — Clement Ader, a French inventor who was the first to fly a heavier-than-air craft1875 — Ludwig Prandtl, a German physicist who is considered the father of aerodynamics1903 — Alexander Oppenheim, a mathematician who wrote the  Oppenheim conjecture February 5 1840 — John Boyd Dunlop, a Scottish inventor who invented pneumatic rubber tires1840 —  Hiram Maxim,  inventor of the automatic single-barrel rifle1914 — Alan Hodgkin, a British physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1963 for his work on the central nervous system1915 — Robert Hofstadter, an  American atomic physicist who won a Nobel Prize in 1961 for his work on electron scattering in atomic nuclei1943 — Nolan Bushnell, the founder of  Atari  and the creator of  Pong February 6 1879 — Carl Ramsauer, a German research physicist who discovered the Ramsauer-Townsend effect1890 — Anton Hermann Fokker, an  aviation  pioneer1907 — Sam Green, a noted industrialist and inventor1913 — Mary Leakey, a  British paleoanthropologist who discovered the first Proconsul skull, which belongs to a species of extinct ape that may be an ancestor of humans February 7 1870 — Alfred Adler, an  Austrian psychiatrist who first wrote about the inferiority complex1905 — Ulf Svante von Euler, a Swedish physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1970 February 8 1828 — Jules Verne, a French writer who wrote From the Earth to the Moon and is considered the father of  science fiction1922 — Joeri Averbach, a noted Russian chess grandmaster February 9 1871 — Howard T. Ricketts, an American pathologist who studied typhus fever1910 — Jacques Monod, a  French biochemist who  won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 for his work on enzyme and virus synthesis1923 — Norman E. Shumway, a pioneer in cardiac transplant surgery1943 — Joseph E. Stiglitz, a noted American economist1950 — Andrew N. Meltzoff, a noted developmental psychologist February 10 1880 — Jesse G. Vincent, an engineer who designed the first V-12 engine1896 — Alister Hardy, a  British scientist who was an expert on the marine ecosystems of everything from zooplankton to whales1897 — John Franklin Ender, a microbiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1954 for his research on polio1920 — Alex Comfort, an English physician who wrote The Joy of Sex1941 — Dave Parnas, a Canadian computer scientist who pioneered information hiding in modular programming February 11 1846 —  William Fox Talbot, a pioneer photographer and inventor1898 — Leo Szilard, a  Hungarian physicist who worked on the A-Bomb and later became a peace activist1925 — Virginia Johnson, an American psychologist and part of the noted medical team of Masters and Johnson1934 — Mary Quant, an English fashion designer who invented the mod look February 12 1809 — Charles Darwin, an  English scientist who proposed the  theory of evolution  and wrote the Origin of Species1813 — James Dwight Dana, an American scientist who pioneered the study of volcanic activity and theorized on the formation of continents1815 — Edward Forbes, a British scientist who wrote extensively on marine biology1948 — Ray Kurzweil, an American inventor who invented the flatbed scanner, the Kurzweil reading machine, the Kurzweil 1000 OCR software, the first commercially marketed large-vocabulary  speech-recognition  software, and the Kurzweil 250 Music Synthesizer February 13 1910 — William Shockley, an American  physicist who co-invented the transistor and won the Nobel Prize in 19561923 — Chuck Yeager, an American test pilot and the first man to break the sound barrier February 14 1838 — Margaret Knight,  inventor of a method of making paper bags1859 — George Ferris,  inventor of the  Ferris wheel (which is why the F is always capitalized in its name!)1869 — Charles Wilson, an English physicist who invented the  Wilson cloud chamber  and won the Nobel Prize1911 — Willem J. Kolff, an  American internist who invented the artificial kidney1917 — Herbert A. Hauptman, an  American X-ray crystallographer who won the Nobel Prize in 1985 February 15 1809 —  Cyrus Hall McCormick,  inventor of a mechanical reaper1819 — Christopher Sholes, inventor  the  typewriter1834 — William Preece, an English electrical engineer who was a pioneer in wireless technology1934 —  Niklaus Wirth, a  Swiss computer programmer who invented the computer language PASCAL February 16 1740 — Giambattista Bodoni, an  Italian printer who invented typeface designs February 17 1781 — Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe  Laennec, a  French inventor who created the  stethoscope1844 — Aaron Montgomery Ward, founder of the mail-order business Montgomery Ward1867 — William Cadbury, the English chocolate manufacturer who founded  Cadbury1874 — Thomas J. Watson, the American businessman credited with establishing  IBM February 18 1743 — Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist who invented the  voltaic  pile, the  first battery1898 — Enzo Ferrari, the car manufacturer who invented the Ferrari February 19 1473 — Nicolaus Copernicus, who  was famous for formulating a model of the universe with the sun at its center rather than Earth1859 — Svante August  Arrhenius, a  Swedish physicist and chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 19031927 — Rene  Firino-Martell, a  Cognac manufacturer who invented several types of Cognac February 20 1844 — Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann, an  Austrian physicist who is considered the father of statistical mechanics1901 — Rene Jules Dubos, a microbiologist who wrote Health and Disease1937 — Robert Huber, a  German biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1988 February 21 1909 — Helen O. Dickens Henderson, a noted American physician and gynecologist February 22 1796 — Adolphe Quetelet, a noted mathematician, astronomer, and statistician1822 — Adolf  Kuszmaul, a German physician who invented the stomach pump and discovered Kuszmaul disease1852 — Pieter K. Pel, an internist who discovered Pel-Ebstein fever1857 — Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides1857 — Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist who was the first to broadcast and receive radio waves and helped to invent radar technology1937 — Samuel Whitbread, a noted English brewer1962 — Steve Irwin, the Australian biologist, zoologist, and nature TV show host February 23 1898 — Reinhard Herbig, a German archaeologist1947 — Colin Sanders, a British computer engineer who invented Solid State Logic1953 — Sallie L. Baliunas, an astrophysicist who studied global warming and ozone depletion February 24 1955 —  Steve Jobs,  co-founder of  Apple Inc. February 25 1904 — Adelle Davis, author of Lets  Stay Healthy February 26 1852 — John Harvey Kellogg, creator of the  flaked-cereal  industry and founder of Kellogg Cereal1866 — Herbert Henry Dow, a pioneer in the chemical industry and founder of the Dow Chemical Company February 27 1891 — David Sarnoff, founder of the RCA Corporation1897 — Bernard F.  Lyot, a French astronomer who invented the Lyot filter1899 — Charles Best, who co-discovered  insulin February 28 1933 — Geoffrey Maitland Smith, founder of Sears1663 — Thomas Newcomen,  inventor of an improved  steam engine1896 — Philip Showalter Hench, an  American physician who discovered cortisone and won the  Nobel Prize1901 — Linus Pauling, a chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1954 and 19621915 — Peter Medawar, an English zoologist and immunologist who won the Nobel Prize in 19531930 — Leon Cooper, an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 19721948 — Steven Chu, an  American scientist who co-won the Nobel Prize  for  Physics in 1997 February 29 1860 —  Herman Hollerith,  the inventor of the first electric tabulating machine